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The Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game is about storytelling in worlds of swords and sorcery. Like games of make-believe, D&D is driven by imagination. It's about picturing a crumbling castle in a darkening forest and imagining how a fantasy adventurer might react to the challenges that scene presents.
A dungeon is a room or cell in which prisoners are held, especially underground. Dungeons are generally associated with medievalcastles, though their association with torture probably belongs more to the Renaissance period. An oubliette or bottle dungeon is a basement room which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an angstloch) in a high ceiling; however, the description of these basement rooms as 'dungeons' stems from the romanticised castle studies of the 19th century. There is no evidence to indicate that prisoners were really lowered through the angstloch into the dungeon using a rope or rope ladder as these 19th century accounts suggest. Archaeological finds, by contrast, indicate the use of these basement spaces as store rooms.[citation needed]
Etymology[edit]
The word dungeon comes from Frenchdonjon (also spelled dongeon), which means 'keep', the main tower of a castle. The first recorded instance of the word in English was near the beginning of the 14th century when it held the same meaning as donjon. The proper original meaning of 'keep' is still in use for academics, although in popular culture it has been largely misused and come to mean a cell or 'oubliette'.[citation needed] Though it is uncertain, both dungeon and donjon are thought to derive from the Middle Latin word dominus, meaning 'lord' or 'master'.[1]
In French, the term donjon still refers to a 'keep', and the English term 'dungeon' refers mostly to oubliette in French. Donjon is therefore a false friend to dungeon (although the game Dungeons & Dragons is titled Donjons et Dragons in its French editions).
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An oubliette (same origin as the French oublier, meaning 'to forget'[2]) is a basement room which is accessible only from a hatch or hole (an angstloch) in a high ceiling; however, the description of these basement rooms as 'dungeons' stems from the romanticised castle studies of the 19th century. There is no evidence[citation needed] to indicate that prisoners were really lowered through the angstloch into the dungeon using a rope or rope ladder as these 19th century accounts suggest. Archaeological finds, by contrast, indicate the use of these basement spaces as store rooms.
The use of 'donjons' evolved over time, sometimes to include prison cells, which could explain why the meaning of 'dungeon' in English evolved over time from being a prison within the tallest, most secure tower of the castle into meaning a cell, and by extension, in popular use, an oubliette or even a torture chamber.
The earliest use of oubliette in French dates back to 1374, but its earliest adoption in English is Walter Scott's Ivanhoe in 1819: 'The place was utterly dark—the oubliette, as I suppose, of their accursed convent.'[3]
History[edit]
Few Norman keeps in English castles originally contained prisons, though they were more common in Scotland. Imprisonment was not a usual punishment in the Middle Ages, so most prisoners were awaiting trial, sentence or a political solution. Noble prisoners were not generally held in dungeons, but lived in some comfort in castle apartments. The Tower of London is famous for housing political prisoners, and Pontefract Castle at various times held Thomas of Lancaster (1322), Richard II (1400), Earl Rivers (1483), Scrope, Archbishop of York (1405), James I of Scotland (1405–1424) and Charles, Duke of Orléans (1417–1430). Purpose-built prison chambers in castles became more common after the 12th century, when they were built into gatehouses or mural towers. Some castles had larger provision for prisoners, such as the prison tower at Caernarfon Castle.[4]
Features[edit]
Although many real dungeons are simply a single plain room with a heavy door or with access only from a hatchway or trapdoor in the floor of the room above, the use of dungeons for torture, along with their association to common human fears of being trapped underground, have made dungeons a powerful metaphor in a variety of contexts. Dungeons, as a whole, have become associated with underground complexes of cells and torture chambers. As a result, the number of true dungeons in castles is often exaggerated to interest tourists. Many chambers described as dungeons or oubliettes were in fact storerooms, water-cisterns or even latrines.[5]
An example of what might be popularly termed an 'oubliette' is the particularly claustrophobic cell in the dungeon of Warwick Castle's Caesar's Tower, in central England. The access hatch consists of an iron grille. Even turning around (or moving at all) would be nearly impossible in this tiny chamber.[6]
A 'bottle dungeon' is sometimes simply another term for an oubliette.[7] It has a narrow entrance at the top and sometimes the room below is even so narrow that it would be impossible to lie down but in other designs the actual cell is larger.[8][9]
The identification of dungeons and rooms used to hold prisoners is not always a straightforward task. Alnwick Castle and Cockermouth Castle, both near England's border with Scotland, had chambers in their gatehouses which have often been interpreted as oubliettes.[4] However, this has been challenged. These underground rooms (accessed by a door in the ceiling) were built without latrines, and since the gatehouses at Alnwick and Cockermouth provided accommodation it is unlikely that the rooms would have been used to hold prisoners. An alternative explanation was proposed, suggesting that these were strong-rooms where valuables were stored.[10]
In fiction[edit]
Oubliettes and dungeons were a favorite topic of nineteenth centurygothic novels or historical novels, where they appeared as symbols of hidden cruelty and tyrannical power. Usually found under medieval castles or abbeys, they were used by villainouscharacters to persecute blameless characters. In Alexandre Dumas's La Reine Margot, Catherine de Medici is portrayed gloating over a victim in the oubliettes of the Louvre.[11]
Dungeons, or dungeon crawls, are common elements in modern fantasy literature, related tabletop, and video games. The most famous examples are the various Dungeons & Dragons media. In this context, the word 'dungeon' is often used broadly to describe any labyrinthine complex (castle, cave system, etc) rather than a prison cell or torture chamber specifically.
Near the beginning of Jack Vance's high-fantasyLyonesse Trilogy (1983-1989), King Casmir of Lyonesse commits Prince Aillas of Troicinet, who he believes to be a vagabond, to an oubliette for the crime of having seduced his daughter. After some months, the resourceful prince fashions a ladder from the bones of earlier prisoners and the rope by which he had been lowered, and escapes.[citation needed]
In the musical fantasy film Labyrinth, director Jim Henson includes a scene in which the heroine Sarah is freed from an oubliette by the dwarf Hoggle, who defines it for her as 'a place you put people... to forget about 'em!'[12]
In the Thomas Harris novel The Silence of the Lambs, Clarice makes a descent into Gumb's basement dungeon labyrinth in the narrative's climactic scene, where the killer is described as having an oubliette.[13]
In the Robert A. Heinlein novel Stranger in a Strange Land, the term 'oubliette' is used to refer to a trash disposal much like the 'memory holes' in Nineteen Eighty-Four.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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Look up dungeon or oubliette in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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- ^The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1991. p. 152. ISBN9780877796039.
- ^Harper, Douglas. 'oubliette'. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ abBottomley, Frank, The Castle Explorer's Guide, Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 ISBN0-7182-1216-9 pp 143–145
- ^Bottomley, Frank, The Castle Explorer's Guide, Kaye & Ward, London, 1979 ISBN0-7182-1216-9 p 145
- ^Hull, Lise, The Great Castles of Britain & Ireland (UK: New Holland Publishers, 2005), p. 34
- ^Hull, Lise (2016). Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to Interpret the History and Meaning of Masonry and Earthworks. McFarland. ISBN9781476665979.
- ^Hull, Lise (2006). Britain's Medieval Castles. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN9780275984144.
- ^'Alnwick Castle: The Keep'. www.alnwickcastle.com. Alnick Castle. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016.
- ^Brears, Peter (2011), 'The Administrative Role of Gatehouses in Fourteenth-Century North-Country Castles', in Airs, M.; Barnwell, P. S. (eds.), The Medieval Great House, Rewley House Studies in the Historic Environment, pp. 204–208
- ^Alexandre Dumas, La Reine Margot, XIII Oreste et Pylade
- ^Carroll, Shiloh (Fall 2009). 'The Heart of the Labyrinth: Reading Jim Henson's Labyrinth as a Modern Dream Vision'. Mythlore. 28 (1–2): 109. ISSN0146-9339.
- ^Messent, Peter (1 December 2000). 'American Gothic: Liminality in Thomas Harris's Hannibal Lecter Novels'. Journal of American & Comparative Cultures. 23 (4): 23–35. doi:10.1111/j.1537-4726.2000.2304_23.x. ISSN1540-594X.
Further reading[edit]
- Nevell, Richard (2014–15). 'Castles as prisons'. The Castle Studies Group Journal. 28: 203–224.
Dicey Dungeons
Dicey Dungeons is a Turn-based Combat, Rogue-like, and Single-player Strategy video game, taking place in the colorful world, developed and published by Terry Cavanagh. The game allows you to turn yourself into a massive walking giant and embark on a journey to fight till the end of the ever-changing dungeon. The ultimate task is to escape the cruel whims of lady luck. The game comes with fast-paced deck-building gameplay inspired by VVVVV, Super Hexagon, Marlowe Dobbe, and more. While playing the game, you need to fight against monsters, locate the better loot, and try to level up the heroes as you team up with other characters to take on the kinds of Fortune. There are six playable characters, and each figure comes with unique abilities and play styles. Thief, Jester, Warrior, Witch, etc. are prominent character classes for players to choose from. Dicey Dungeons includes vital features such as Energetic Soundtrack, Adorable Artwork, Endless Walkthroughs, Six Character Classes, and more.
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Destiny or Fate is a Collectible Card, Role-playing, Strategy, and Single-player video game available to play on Multiple Platforms by Blaster. Featuring the blend of rogue-like and deck building gameplay elements, in which you are capable of choosing the tactics that best suit your play style. During the game, you can battle against bosses or can choose another way to go on a treasure hunt. Whether you are looking for battle against amazing creatures or recruit them in your party, the game has something special for you to offer. While playing the game, you need to be careful if your hero dies between the adventure, and you'll lose all of your progress. There are many playable characters, and each character has a unique play style and abilities to use. In the start, you must create a deck of powerful cards and then deploy them to attack cruel bosses and take them down to advance through the story. The level of difficulty will be increased as you make progress throughout the game. With engaging gameplay, superb graphics, and cool controls, Destiny or Fate is the brilliant game to play.
#2 Blood Card
Blood Card is a Card, Role-playing, Rogue-lite, and Single-player Strategy video game developed by Pixel Cattle Games for Multiple Platforms. The game introduces the mix of several elements of deck building and rogue-like. However, during the gameplay, the player must strive ahead, collect cards to create a unique deck, and then try to use it to take on enemies getting in his way. Whenever the player starts playing the game, he needs to select either escaping or struggle to take on death, who is pursuing him. There are three distinct zones, and each has a unique set of enemies to take down. In the game, the value of the player life is equal to the number of cards in his draw pile, and when he gets hurt of damage, the player needs to discard one card. The game will be over when the player has no more cards in his pile. Blood Card includes prominent features such as Randomly Generated Environment, Different Encounters and Events, Three Distinct Zones, and more.
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#3 Overdungeon
Overdungeon is a Strategy, Card, and Single-player video game developed by Pocket Pair, Inc. and published by Leiting Games. The perfect blend of Tower Defense, Rogue-like, Dungeon Crawling, and Role-playing game elements to let you experience the superb gameplay like never before. It introduces an entirely new real-time card game that comes with a mixture of many genres. To take down enemies and clear the stages, you must create a deck of powerful cards and then draw your cards to reveal your powerful attacks to kill enemies. Using the relic system, you can improve your strategic skills. Like other card games, as the player makes progress in each stage, further cards will be unlocked. During the gameplay, different relics will drop in random, and you can use to upgrade your deck or change the draw order. Overdungeon includes prominent features such as Various Relics, Development, Breathtaking, Playful Cards, Everchanging Map, and more. With engaging gameplay, superb graphics, and crisp visuals, Overdungeon is the best game to play.
#4 Guild of Dungeoneering
Guild of Dungeoneering is a Role-playing, Dungeon Crawling, and Single-player video game developed by Gambrinous and published by Versus Evil for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. The game takes place in the dungeons and focuses on Role-playing game with Turn-based and Card game mechanics. It lets the player become the ultimate Dungeon Master as the player entice, bribe, and coax his heroes through their epic adventures on the challenging quest to retrieve his guild to its former position. The game offers unique gameplay, in which instead of commanding the heroes, the player will build dungeon around him. During the gameplay, he can use cards draw from his deck, and the player lay down rooms, deadly monsters, and insane traps and the loot. In the game, the character of the player is making his own decisions on what to fight and where to go. The player must manage his guild, creating new rooms to attract new adventure's classes and struggle to expand his decks of cards with strong events and items. Restore the Guild, Bribe the Hero, Manage the Guild, Turn-based Combat, etc. are prominent features in the game to enjoy.
#5 Slay the Spire
Slay the Spire is an engaging Deck-Building, Rogue-like, and Single-player video game created by Mega Crit Games for multiple platforms. The game blends the rogue-like and card games to offers the best Single-player video game. During the game, the player needs to craft his unique deck, encounter strange creatures, find relics of immense power, and defeat enemies to advances through the game. There are two core characters each with its unique abilities and power, and the player can select one of them to jump into the world to fulfil the tasks. The game offers more than two-hundred cards each with unique skills. The player will discover hundreds of cards and can include them in his deck with each attempt at climbing the Sphere. Slay the Spire includes core features such as Randomly Generated World, over 50 Combat Encounters, 200 Implemented Cards, Tons of Unlockable and more. Try it out, and it'll entertain you.
#6 Dungeons of Chaos
Dungeons of Chaos is a Role-playing, Side-scroll, and Single-player video game developed and published by Volker Elzner for Android. The game introduces the retro-style 2D RPG gameplay, in which the player embarks on an epic journey with several powerful spells, tactical combat, and skills to employ to win the massive fight brutal villains. There are several massive maps available to navigate, and maps are both randomized and unique. Different character classes available and each has its unique spells and skills to cast. While playing the game, the player has to control a guide to advance the story and collect treasure chests for huge rewards. There are several randomly generated levels available, and each level is full of vicious monsters and the minions of the bosses. The player navigates the environment from a top-down perspective, and his main objective is to battle against enemies in turn-based combat. During the gameplay, the player has to maintain the health of the character and must earn gold to boost his skills. In an inventory, the player can place a set of items like a sword, ring, gems, and more. Dungeons of Chaos lets the player experience a unique randomized gameplay full of vicious monsters.